Time scales mentioned in Hindu cosmology correspond to those of modern scientific cosmology. Hindu cosmology posits that time is infinite with a cyclic universe, where the current universe was preceded and will be followed by an infinite number of universes. The debate between the universe having either a beginning or eternal cycles can be traced back to ancient Babylonia. Many ancient cultures such as Babylonian astronomers, Indian astronomy studied the pattern of the Seven Sacred Luminaires/ Classical Planets against the background of stars, with their interest being to relate celestial movement to human events ( astrology), and the goal being to predict events by recording events against a time measure and then look for recurrent patterns. Historical antecedents Antiquity to 19th century Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of theoretical physics research. Physicist John Ellis claims to have introduced the acronym "TOE" into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986. Physicist Harald Fritzsch used the term in his 1977 lectures in Varenna. For example, a grandfather of Ijon Tichy – a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem's science fiction stories of the 1960s – was known to work on the " General Theory of Everything". Initially, the term theory of everything was used with an ironic reference to various overgeneralized theories. 4.4 Impossibility of being "of everything".2.3 Late 20th century and the nuclear interactions.String theory/M-theory proposes an additional 6 or 7 dimensions of hyperspace + the 4 common dimensions = 10D or 11D spacetime. String theory further claims that it is through these specific oscillatory patterns of strings that a particle of unique mass and force charge is created (that is to say, the electron is a type of string that vibrates one way, while the up quark is a type of string vibrating another way, and so forth). ![]() According to string theory, every particle in the universe, at its most ultramicroscopic level ( Planck length), consists of varying combinations of vibrating strings (or strands) with preferred patterns of vibration. ![]() String theory posits that at the beginning of the universe (up to 10 −43 seconds after the Big Bang), the four fundamental forces were once a single fundamental force. One example is string theory, which evolved into a candidate for the theory of everything, but not without drawbacks (most notably, its apparent lack of currently testable predictions) and controversy. In pursuit of this goal, quantum gravity has become one area of active research. To resolve the incompatibility, a theoretical framework revealing a deeper underlying reality, unifying gravity with the other three interactions, must be discovered to harmoniously integrate the realms of general relativity and quantum mechanics into a seamless whole: the theory of everything is a single theory that, in principle, is capable of describing all physical phenomena in this universe. : 842–844 The two theories are considered incompatible in regions of extremely small scale – the Planck scale – such as those that exist within a black hole or during the beginning stages of the universe (i.e., the moment immediately following the Big Bang). ![]() Since the usual domains of applicability of general relativity and quantum mechanics are so different, most situations require that only one of the two theories be used. General relativity and quantum mechanics have been repeatedly validated in their separate fields of relevance. Quantum mechanics successfully implemented the Standard Model that describes the three non-gravitational forces: strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and electromagnetic force – as well as all observed elementary particles. On the other hand, quantum mechanics is a theoretical framework that only focuses on the three non-gravitational forces for understanding the universe in regions of both very small scale and low mass: subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, etc. General relativity is a theoretical framework that only focuses on gravity for understanding the universe in regions of both large scale and high mass: planets, stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies etc. These two theories upon which all modern physics rests are general relativity and quantum mechanics. Over the past few centuries, two theoretical frameworks have been developed that, together, most closely resemble a theory of everything. String theory and M-theory have been proposed as theories of everything. : 6 Finding a theory of everything is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. A theory of everything ( TOE or TOE/ToE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory or master theory is a hypothetical, singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the universe.
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